When talking about graphene, we should first mention the natural mineral graphite that is extensively present in our life.
As an allotrope of carbon, graphite is a layered material, and the carbon atoms inside graphite are arranged layer by layer. Carbon atoms in the very same layer “hold hands” and are carefully linked, but the mix of carbon atoms between different layers is loose, like a stack of playing cards. With a mild press, the cards will move apart.
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From the perspective of chemical structure, graphite is a transitional crystal between atomic crystals, metal crystals and molecular crystals. In the crystal, carbon atoms in the same layer type covalent bonds with sp2 hybridization, each carbon atom is attached to three various other carbon atoms, and six carbon atoms create a routine hexagonal ring on the very same plane, stretching to form a sheet structure.
If graphite is a pile of playing cards, after that graphene is among the cards in this stack of playing cards. Graphene is a two-dimensional material made up of a solitary layer of carbon atoms. Piling graphene layer by layer is graphite. A 1 mm thick graphite contains regarding 3 million layers of graphene.
Although graphene exists in nature, it is difficult to peel off a solitary layer structure.
Greater than 20 years back, Andre Geim and Konstantin Novoselov, scientists at the College of Manchester in the UK, believed that there need to be a means to get a single layer of graphite.
Exactly how can a single layer of graphite be removed? Scientists took a very “easy and crude” approach – sticking it with tape.
“Just like when we create a typo theoretically, we will stick the typo with tape.” Based upon this, scientists frankly connect that if tape can adhere to the surface area of paper, can it also adhere to layers of graphite?
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In the experiment, scientists stuck both sides of pyrolytic graphite flakes to an unique tape, and detached the tape, the graphite sheet was split into 2. Although the thickness of graphite at this time is still far from that of a solitary layer of graphite, researchers have validated the expediency of this method – each time the tape is used, the graphite comes to be thinner. By demanding utilizing this “mechanical exfoliation approach” to duplicate the operation, they lastly obtained a slim sheet including just one layer of carbon atoms, which is graphene.
Nevertheless, this technique of repetitively exfoliating graphite sheets with tape to get graphene has low manufacturing performance and can only be utilized to prepare micron-thick graphene, and can not be mass-produced industrially.
Later on, with the renovation of clinical and technological levels, the prep work approach of graphene has actually likewise made fantastic development. Currently, in addition to this typical physical and mechanical exfoliation approach, there are additionally many approaches for preparing graphene, such as redox technique, solvent peeling approach, chemical vapor deposition, etc
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